Issue 3 On line: 4 July 2026
Associative Memory Activation Boosts Short-Term Memory Under High Load: Evidence From Visual Change Detection Paradigm
Xing Zhou, Jiawen Xu, Jiahong Zheng
Xing Zhou, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, 55 West Zhongshan Ave, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510631, China.
Email: 2023010294@m.scnu.edu.cn
Previous studies on associative memory's effect on short-term memory (STM) have yielded inconsistent findings (facilitation vs. interference). This inconsistency is particularly pronounced under high memory load conditions that exceed STM capacity. To address this gap, we investigated whether systematically manipulated associative activation (via repetition) and retention interval jointly affect STM under high load. Using a 3 × 3 (activation level [none, low, high] × retention interval [1000, 1500, 3000 ms]) mixed design, participants learned Emoji pairs with 0/8/18 repetitions (training phase) and completed a visual STM recognition task via change detection (8 simultaneous items, test phase). Results showed that high associative activation significantly improved STM performance, reflected by higher capacity (K), discriminability (d'), and accuracy. Critically, this facilitative effect did not interact with retention interval, indicating a robust benefit under high load. These findings advance LTM-STM interplay understanding: highly activated associative LTM representations supplement STM capacity and guide attentional allocation. Future research could explore diverse materials, neurophysiological measures (e.g., EEG), and longer retention intervals to clarify temporal dynamics.
Keywords: associative memory, activation level, short-term memory, retention interval, high memory load