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Volume 19 Issue 3 (2023)

Semantic Clustering in Verbal Fluency and Learning Tasks in Normal and Pathological Ageing

pp. 211-223
First published on 17 July 2023 | DOI:10.5709/acp-0393-0
Ewa Zawadzka, Łucja Domańska
Corresponding author:

Ewa Zawadzka, Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, ul. Głęboka 45, 20-612 Lublin, Poland.

Email: ewa.zawadzka@mail.umcs.pl

APA
Zawadzka, E., & Domańska, Ł. (2023). Semantic clustering in verbal fluency and learning tasks in normal and pathological ageing. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 19(3), 211-223. https://doi.org/10.5709/acp-0393-0
Abstract

Many studies suggest that semantic clustering facilitates searching for and retrieving information encoded in long-term memory. Clinical findings show a decrease in some indices of semantic clustering, however, only few of them have undertaken a detailed analysis of the semantic clustering phenomenon in stroke patients. It is not entirely clear to what extent semantic clustering determines the performance of various verbal tasks in older adults with vascular brain damage. The current study aimed to examine: (a) the differences in word list retrieval and semantic fluency between healthy controls and older post-stroke adults, (b) the effects of clinical condition (healthy vs. older post-stroke adults) and the type of task (word list retrieval vs. verbal fluency) on the usage of semantic clustering while controlling for the number of produced or retrieved words, and (c) the mediating effect of semantic clustering on the relationships between clinical condition and verbal fluency performance or between clinical condition and performance in retrieval of the word list. We tested 46 healthy older adults and 38 stroke patients. Statistically significant effects of the clinical condition and the type of task on the semantic clustering were found even under the condition of controlling for the number of produced or retrieved words. We also found a significant mediating role of semantic clustering for the relationships between clinical condition and performance of both fluency and free recall tasks.

Keywords: clustering semantic fluency free recall stroke ageing

No SNARC Effect Among Left-to-Right Readers: Evidence From a Turkish Sample

pp. 224-236
First published on 25 July 2023 | DOI:10.5709/acp-0394-x
Merve Bulut, Ilgım Hepdarcan, Ezgi Palaz, Hakan Çetinkaya, Seda Dural
Corresponding author:

Hakan Çetinkaya, Department of Psychology, Yaşar University, 35100 Bornova, İzmir.

Email: hakan.cetinkaya@yasar.edu.tr

APA
Bulut, M., Hepdarcan, I., Palaz, E., Çetinkaya, H., & Dural, S. (2023). No SNARC effect among left-to-right readers: Evidence from a Turkish sample. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 19(3), 224-236. https://doi.org./10.5709/acp-0394-x
Abstract

The spatial-numerical association of response codes (SNARC) refers to the faster left-hand responses to smaller numbers and faster right-hand responses to larger numbers. Although easily replicable in Western cultures, the prevalence of the SNARC effect in other cultures has long been an issue. In the current study, we aimed to replicate the SNARC effect in a parity judgement task with Turkish participants (N = 66) whose reading habits are entirely left-to-right. The results revealed no SNARC effect. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first finding indicating the absence of regular SNARC effect among left-to-right readers in a classical parity judgement task. Based on these findings, we suggest that investigations of cultural influences on spatial-numerical associations should take a broader perspective rather than only focusing on reading habits.

Keywords: SNARC reading habits mental number line parity judgement SNA

How Affect and Repetition Influence Judgments of Truth

pp. 237-248
First published on 25 July 2023 | DOI:10.5709/acp-0395-y
Patricia Garrido-Vásquez, Tanja Rock
Corresponding author:

Patricia Garrido-Vásquez Schmidt, Department of Psychology, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile.

Email: patricia.garrido@udec.cl

APA
Garrido-Vásquez Schmidt, P., & Rock, T. (2023). How affect and repetition influence judgments of truth. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 19(3), 237-248. https://doi.org/10.5709/acp-0395-y
Abstract

People believe repeated statements more than new ones, a phenomenon called the repetitioninduced truth effect. It is chiefly explained with the subjective processing ease (i.e., fluency) for repeated as compared to new information. To date, the role of affective processes for the repetition- induced truth effect is rather unclear. Different mechanisms may play a role: Affect influences processing styles, it may directly inform judgments, and positive affect may be misattributed to fluency/familiarity. In the current study, we compared mechanisms and tested whether a positive, neutral, or negative picture presented before a statement would influence the repetition-induced truth effect. Experiment 1 followed a classical repetition-induced truth effect procedure with two sessions that were a week apart. In the second session, each statement was preceded by an affective picture. We replicated the repetition-induced truth effect, and we observed a statistically significant main effect of affect—statements were rated as truer after a positive rather than a negative or neutral picture, but the interaction between repetition and affect was not statistically significant. In Experiment 2, we aimed to clarify the mechanism behind this finding using only new statements preceded by affective pictures. No statistically significant main effect of affect emerged. We conclude that the results in Experiment 1 were due to the misattribution of positive affect to fluency/ familiarity, enhancing the perceived truth of the statements. In sum, our results suggest two factors that enhance truth judgments: repetition and positive affect, but the effects of affect depend on the exact paradigm used.

Keywords: truth effect repetition affect affective pictures positivity fluency

Openness to Experience, Workplace Bullying, and Employee Mental Health

pp. 249-260
First published on 25 July 2023 | DOI:10.5709/acp-0396-z
Anna Skuzińska, Mieczysław Plopa, Wojciech Plopa
Corresponding author:

Anna Skuzińska, Elblag University of Humanities and Economy - Wydział Administracji i Nauk Społecznych, Lotnicza 2 Elblag 83-200, Poland.

Email: askuzinska@elblag.com.pl

APA
Skuzińska, A., Plopa, M., & Plopa, W. (2023). Openness to experience, workplace bullying, and employee mental health. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 19(3), 249-260. https://doi.org/10.5709/acp-0396-z
Abstract

The aim of this study was to verify the moderating role of openness to experience in the relationship between negative workplace behaviors and mental health variables. The cross-sectional survey sample was 659. The moderating role of openness to experience was confirmed. Despite the expectations, low rather than openness to experience, played a protective role against intense negative behaviors. Possible explanations for this result are mainly based on the properties of the stressor being tested. Implications for further research on the role of openness to experience are presented in the later sections of the study.

Keywords: personality workplace bullying mental health

The SNARC Effect for Nonsymbolic Numbers is Not Observed When Stimuli Spatially Orient Attention

pp. 261-272
First published on 25 July 2023 | DOI:10.5709/acp-0397-9
Qiangqiang Wang, Yu Chen, Shengmin Liu, Weixia Zhang, Yanchu Ma, Yanwen Wu
Corresponding author:

Yanwen Wu, Department of Psychology, School of Teacher Education, Tianshui Normal University, 105, Jihe South Road, Tianshui, Gansu Province, R.P. China.

Email: wuyanwen888@163.com

APA
Wang, Q., Chen, Y., Liu, S., Zhang, W., Ma, Y., & Wu, Y. (2023). The SNARC effect for nonsymbolic numbers is not observed when stimuli spatially orient attention. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 19(3), 261-272. https://doi.org/10.5709/acp-0397-9
Abstract

The current study investigated how the spatial position of nonsymbolic numbers on the mental number line influenced responses when stimuli contained spatial (orientation) and magnitude information. Different numbers of rectangles (Experiment 1), leftward and rightward arrows (Experiments 2, 3 and 4), or double-headed arrows (Experiment 5) were centrally presented to participants who were asked to classify these stimuli according to the parity (i.e., evenness) of the number of rectangles (Experiment 1), arrow orientation (Experiment 2), parity of the number of arrows (Experiment 3), numbers of leftward and rightward arrows (Experiment 4), or parity of the number of double-headed arrows (Experiment 5). The results showed that (a) the spatial-numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect was present in the rectangle parity (Experiment 1) and the double-headed arrow parity (Experiment 5) classification, but that (b) despite the association between arrow orientation and response, no SNARC effect was observed in the arrow orientation (Experiment 2), arrow parity (Experiment 3) or arrow magnitude (Experiment 4) classification tasks. These results indicate that spatial cues and nonsymbolic numbers interact to create systematic spatial-numerical associations.

Keywords: SNARC effect orientation and response association effect orientation magnitude nonsymbolic numbers

Profiles of Relationships With Religious Symbols

pp. 273-282
First published on 25 July 2023 | DOI:10.5709/acp-0398-8
Małgorzata Tatala, Marcin Wojtasiński
Corresponding author:

Małgorzata Tatala, Institute of Psychology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Al. Racławickie 14, Lublin 20-950, Poland.

Email: malgorzata.tatala@kul.pl

APA
Tatala, M., & Wojtasiński, M. (2023). Profiles of relationships with religious symbols. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 19(3), 273-282. https://doi.org/10.5709/acp-0398-8
Abstract

In the current study, profiles of relationships with religious symbols were examined. Implications of the concept of religious symbols by Tatala, which analyzes its cognitive, emotional, and behavioral dimensions served as theoretical basis for extracting the profiles. It was proposed that the behavioral component is expressed on an extraverted-introverted continuum, while the emotional and cognitive components can be understood as the predominance of one of the processing mechanisms (cognitive or emotional). A total of 239 participants in four age groups (12-, 15-, 18- and 24-year-olds) were surveyed using the Religious Symbol Importance Scale. As a result of cluster analysis, four characteristic profiles were distinguished and confirmed separately for the symbol of the Cross and the Bible: introverted-cognitive, introverted-emotional, extraverted-cognitive, and extraverted-emotional. Also, multidimensional scaling analysis showed the closeness of the individual parameters of religiosity, which appeared to be independent of the type of the symbol. The results of the study allow the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral dimensions to be considered as important factors in studying personal relationships with religious symbols.

Keywords: religiosity religious symbol the Bible the Cross cluster analysis multidimensional scaling

Tasks financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education on the basis of the contract no. 801/P-DUN/2018 out of the funds designed for activities promoting science: Preparation and editing of English versions of articles, Financing foreign Editors-in-Chief, Dissemination of publications and increasing their accessibility to a broad range of readers, Creation of the XML conversion platform to improve the access to the articles (2018-2019). Advances in Cognitive Psychology is co-financed by the Ministry of Education and Science (Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki) under the program "Rozwój czasopism naukowych," RCN/SN/0494/2021/1.

Zadania finansowane w ramach umowy 801/P-DUN/2018 ze środków Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę: Finansowanie zagranicznych redaktorów naczelnych; Przygotowanie i edycja anglojęzycznych publikacji; Upowszechnianie publikacji i ułatwianie dostępu do nich szerokiemu gronu odbiorców; Utworzenie nowej platformy do udostępniania artykułów. Advances in Cognitive Psychology jest współfinansowane przez Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki w ramach programu "Rozwój czasopism naukowych," RCN/SN/0494/2021/1.